In the past two years, the world has been once again shocked by the spread of the monkeypox (MPox) outbreak. For the second time, the World Health Organization (WHO) has declared MPox a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC).
In response to this emergency, various countries, including Indonesia, are increasing their vigilance to prevent the spread of this highly contagious virus.
Dr. Eggi Arguni, a lecturer at the UGM Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing (FK-KMK UGM) with experience in addressing infectious diseases, particularly in children, shared his insights and advice regarding preventing the monkeypox outbreak in Indonesia.
Dr. Arguni explained that this outbreak was first discovered in 1958 in Denmark, beginning with two cases resembling smallpox in a colony of monkeys kept for research. The disease has symptoms similar to smallpox, which was eradicatedin 1980.
Although MPox symptoms are milder than smallpox, the disease can spread rapidly and cause outbreaks in various regions. The incubation period of MPox is also relatively long (up to 3 weeks), which can lead to faster virus transmission.
“This disease can be mild, with symptoms lasting 2–4 weeks, but it can develop into severe cases and even cause death,” he told reporters on Thursday (Aug. 22).
Dr. Arguni noted that further research is needed to understand the transmission of this disease. He mentioned that transmission can occur through direct and indirect contact, close contact with bodily fluids or skin lesions of an infected person, indirect contact with contaminated objects and respiratory droplets, and direct contact through sexual activity.
“Skin rashes, bodily fluids, and scabs are highly contagious. Contaminated clothing, bedding, towels, or eating utensils can also transmit the virus to others,” the lecturer explained.
As is known, the MPox virus has a long DNA genome. Therefore, theoretically, this virus will evolve more slowly than viruses with shorter genomes, such as SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19.
“Experts are still studying the evolution of this virus, as changes in the virus could lead to the emergence of clades that are more easily transmitted and cause more severe illness,” Dr. Arguni added.
According to him, the monkeypox outbreak has been declared an emergency due to the number of deaths it has caused. While most people with MPox experience mild symptoms, severe infections can lead to death. Therefore, this disease should not be taken lightly.
“Inadequate preventive measures will lead to the spread of this viral infection, potentially turning it into a pandemic,” he said.
Dr. Arguni also emphasized the importance of the government initiating public awareness campaigns about the MPox outbreak, particularly regarding the transmission and symptoms of the virus. Testing should also be conducted to identify infected individuals and quickly interrupt transmission.
“I recommend that the government establish information channels, such as a call center, so that information from the public can be communicated, and the government can take appropriate mitigation steps,” he stated.
MPox vaccines and antiviral treatments have been developed, although they are still available in limited quantities. Therefore, the primary focus should be on preventing transmission.
Dr. Arguni suggested several preventive measures for infected individuals, such as staying at home, avoiding close contact with others, wearing masks, washing hands regularly, and covering injured body parts.
From January to June 2024, WHO reported approximately 99,000 confirmed MPox cases, with 208 deaths. So far, the Indonesian Ministry of Health has reported 88 confirmed MPox cases in Indonesia.
It is hoped that the public will remain vigilant and take preventive measures to prevent the further spread of this outbreak.
Author: Lintang
Editor: Gusti Grehenson
Image: Freepik