Do not be deceived by appearances. A person may seem calm and composed, yet could be struggling with significant mental and emotional pressure. On campus, a student might appear enthusiastic and accomplished, but behind the scenes, may be experiencing what is known as duck syndrome.
The term draws on the metaphor of a duck gliding gracefully on the water’s surface while paddling frantically beneath to stay afloat. This phenomenon is increasingly common among students today, who often feel the need to appear capable, strong, and productive. Unfortunately, behind this façade, many feel exhausted and overwhelmed, yet are unsure how to address it effectively.
Anisa Yuliandri, a psychologist from the Career and Student Development Unit (CSDU) of the UGM Faculty of Economics and Business (FEB UGM), explained that the term “duck syndrome” was first used to describe Stanford University students who appeared calm but were actually under great pressure.
Today, the same pattern is often observed on campuses worldwide, including in Indonesia. Students strive to meet high expectations from both themselves and their surroundings, while maintaining a high GPA, being active in organizations, taking internships, competing in events, and sustaining a presence on social media.
“Many students feel they must seize every opportunity for fear of being left behind. They worry that if they do not participate in various activities, they will be seen as lazy, uncompetitive, or without a future,” she said on Monday (Aug. 11).
According to Yuliandri, based on the Self-Determination Theory, humans have three basic psychological needs: autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Duck syndrome is closely linked to this concept, as an individual’s psychological balance can be disrupted when life choices are no longer driven by personal desire but by external pressure.
Another contributing factor is the cultural expectation to always appear “fine,” which leads students to suppress or hide their true emotions. Many avoid showing signs of fatigue or struggle out of fear of being perceived as weak. This high level of perfectionism drives individuals to conceal their shortcomings and difficulties.
“We are only human, with our limits. Yet in an effort to maintain a flawless image, many end up bottling everything inside,” Yuliandri explained.
In her view, social media also plays a significant role in amplifying this pressure. She cited examples where one’s social media feed is filled with others’ achievements, such as competition wins, internship experiences, early graduations, or vacations. Such exposure can trigger feelings of being left behind.
“In the effort not to be outshone, students often push themselves to appear productive. This aligns with Impression Management Theory. People tend to manage and control their image to appear strong and capable, even if behind the scenes, they are deeply exhausted,” said Yuliandri.
She warned that duck syndrome can be dangerous precisely because it is invisible. Outward appearances may seem fine, but many fail to realize they are experiencing psychological distress. Statements such as “everyone is tired” or “you have to be like this to succeed” become justifications for pushing oneself too far. Left unaddressed, the condition can progress into more serious issues such as chronic anxiety, insomnia, burnout, or depression.
This internal conflict between feelings and outward expression creates severe cognitive dissonance. Over time, individuals may feel disconnected from themselves, unsure of the difference between being busy and being happy. Duck syndrome symptoms can also affect social relationships, causing students to withdraw, feel inadequate, and avoid interaction.
“There is often fear of being judged or seen as a failure, when in fact what they need most is simply space to be heard,” she said.
Yuliandri suggested that students begin by recognizing the signs of duck syndrome and taking small steps to address it. The first step is being honest with oneself and acknowledging fatigue without perceiving it as weakness.
“This honesty is a form of courage. It’s okay to not be okay. We don’t have to be constantly productive or appear happy. Accepting everything and allowing ourselves to feel sadness is part of recovery,” Yuliandri said.
Equally important, she added, is managing expectations, both personal and external. Students must understand that not all standards need to be met and not all roles must be taken on. Declining a responsibility to protect one’s mental health is valid.
“Learning to say no without guilt is an important skill,” Yuliandri emphasized.
She expressed hope that students would have the openness and courage to share their struggles. Speaking to even one person, she noted, can be greatly relieving. For this reason, FEB UGM, through CSDU, offers free counseling services accessible to all students. They can also join FEB UGM’s Peer Support Program, where trained peers provide a safe and supportive listening space.
“We no longer need to pretend to be strong. If all we can do today is survive, that is enough. Survival is a form of courage,” Yuliandri concluded.
Reporter: FEB UGM/Kurnia Ekaptiningrum
Author: Agung Nugroho
Illustration: Suara.com