The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) has recently resurfaced as a topic of public concern. With over 200 known types, HPV can trigger a wide range of diseases, including cervical cancer. Despite this risk, HPV vaccination coverage remains relatively low and needs improvement.
Clinical microbiology expert Professor Tri Wibawa emphasized several critical points regarding the virus.
“HPV was first identified in the 1980s and has since been associated with cervical cancer. Given the high prevalence of cervical cancer, HPV vaccines were developed and eventually introduced in Indonesia,” said Professor Wibawa on Thursday, Jun. 19, 2025.
He explained that in many cases, HPV is responsible for up to 70% of cervical cancer occurrences.
The risk can increase to nearly 100% depending on a person’s immune system and risk group classification.
HPV is transmitted through direct contact with the reproductive area.
Unlike HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), HPV is not spread through bodily fluids but through direct skin-to-skin contact.
Therefore, sexual activity, even without fluid exchange, can transmit HPV.
This makes sexually active individuals, typically aged 20 and above, the most vulnerable group.
“There are many types of HPV, with varying incubation periods and symptoms. Not all types lead to cervical cancer. Some may only cause warts and disappear on their own,” he explained.
Symptoms and incubation periods of HPV largely depend on a person’s immune system. In many cases, those infected may not experience any symptoms at all.
However, careful monitoring is crucial to prevent the virus from progressing into cervical cancer.
HPV vaccination efforts are being made as early as possible.
The Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia has consistently promoted HPV vaccination, particularly for teenage girls.
According to Professor Wibawa, vaccination should ideally be administered before individuals enter the sexually active age range.
The older the recipient, the lower the vaccine’s effectiveness.
He also noted that recent developments have led to the concept of a vaccine aimed at breaking the link between HPV and cervical cancer, designed for individuals who have already been infected.
Unfortunately, this type of vaccine is not yet available.
Professor Wibawa advised that since HPV often presents no direct symptoms, everyone should remain vigilant by getting vaccinated and undergoing regular check-ups.
For those who are sexually active, precautions such as using protection and limiting sexual partners are strongly recommended.
He also highlighted a notable risk factor, smoking.
“Although rare, HPV can also lead to cancers in areas other than the genitals. Smokers are at higher risk of developing respiratory tract cancer,” he added.
Despite the risks, Professor Wibawa stressed that there is no need for fear or panic.
Preventive measures, treatments, vaccines, and therapies are available and can effectively manage the virus.
If diagnosed, regular monitoring is essential to track its development.
He also encouraged the public to maintain a strong immune system by adopting a healthy lifestyle and engaging in sufficient physical activity.
Author: Tasya
Editor: Gusti Grehenson
Post-editor: Lintang Andwyna
Illustration: Freepik